THE ECONOMICS OF HEALTH CARE Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

THE ECONOMICS OF HEALTH CARE - Term Paper Example s within the demand and supply model, the factors operating in isolation or together contribute to the shift in demand curve to the right, resulting in realization of higher price and quantity of medical care over time. In addition, expenditure on medical care, the product of price and quantity has at the same time increased (Santerre and Neun, 2009). On the supply side, when wages outpace productivity, the demand and supply curves shift to the left, and as a result, the price of medical care increase; however, since demand for medical care in most cases appear to be price inelastic, the increase in price leads to increase in healthcare (Santerre and Neun, 2009). Another factor on the supply side seen to contribute to increase in healthcare costs has been identified to be cost-enhancing technologies. Information asymmetry has been associated with imperfect market or malfunctioning of the market, as health care suppliers and consumers remain separated with degree of how they know each other. Theoretical economics and empirical data have postulated that an insurance market can distort and result into disequilibrium due to adverse selection whenever there are several plan options offering different benefits and pricing structures (Farley, Wynn and Rand Corporation, 2002). For instance, healthier people usually get inclined towards leaner, expensive plans while sicker people are willing to pay more for richer benefits (Farley, Wynn and Rand Corporation, 2002). As a result, richer plans may experience adverse selection and higher health care costs, which force an increase in premiums to cover for the costs. This leads to more undesirable selection and market segmentation (Farley, Wynn and Rand Corporation, 2002). In the process, some plans are forced to drop out of the market, leavin g high cost consumers with undesirable benefits options (Farley, Wynn and Rand Corporation, 2002). Information asymmetry therefore results into ineffective plan choices, where again,

Reasearch paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reasearch - Research Paper Example Another controversial issue that was facing Hemingway was in regard to his sexual orientation. This is controversial because Hemingway is known to have a deep hatred to the gay people; however, scholars denote that this was with the intention of hiding his sexual orientation. This is because Hemingway is suspected to have been a gay person. It is these types of controversies and issues surrounding the life of Hemingway that could have an impact in negatively affecting his career. This paper examines the controversial manner which Hemingway was able to depict women, and why this could negatively affect his career. Ernest Hemingway is a famous and talented American writer. However, most of his critics do not feel the same. This is because of his writing style, and the various controversies that Mr. Hemingway was able to have. On most occasions, Mr. Hemingway is always compared to famous authors such as William Faulkner and Scott Fitzergerald. However, he has a very different writing style, when it is compared to these famous authors. Furthermore, Mr. Hemingway has made enormous and great contribution to the modern fiction, when he is compared to the above mentioned authors (Boon, 27). However, this assertion is debatable, mainly because he has only a handful of novels and fictions to his name. This is when compared to the above authors, who dedicated most of their lives in writing fiction and novels. Furthermore, he was very particular in regard to his writing (Bloom, 31). He did not just come up with a story, but he analyzed the story carefully, and every sentence, and word, for purposes of e nsuring that the story under consideration would serve its function, and disseminate the intended message. Furthermore, the novels that Hemingway created were following a chronological order. The impact of this order is that the novels were boring, and very typical. For

Risk Analysis Within Political Science Research Paper

Risk Analysis Within Political Science - Research Paper Example Political risks thus do impacts heavily in the way a country deals with the capacity to create employment opportunities to its citizen as well as the ability to ensure sustainable business relation with the neighboring countries and the need to ensure that the balance of trade and the balance of payments are favorable (Kobrin,pg. 111). This is to avoid the currency being inferior to other countries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is quite common in the worlds emerging markets, the emerging markets are envisioned to have a robust market for the numerous production that is exuded by the foreign investors. This productions has to be consumed in the regions with overwhelming markets and this is why the investors do research t identify these markets and make decision to trap the market available (Waterstone,pg. 123). In some unfortunate circumstances, the political situation in these regions becomes volatile making the investors to renege on their decision to engage the region in productive business; this is so because they fear loosing their investment due to outbreaks of war and other upheaval activities that do not support smooth operation of business. The analysis of the political risks enables the investors to project on the possibilities of the threat occurring and the likely damage that is associated with them, in this sense the mitigative measures can be coined to help cushion the associated businesses from the devastating and sporadic confusions that come with the political decisions. ... es, the political situation in these regions becomes volatile making the investors to renege on their decision to engage the region in productive business; this is so because they fear loosing their investment due to outbreaks of war and other upheaval activities that do not support smooth operation of business. The analysis of the political risks enables the investors to project on the possibilities of the threat occurring and the likely damage that is associated with them, in this sense the mitigative measures can be coined to help cushion the associated businesses from the devastating and sporadic confusions that come with the political decisions. These risks can also be brought about by the social problems such as over population, unemployment especially for the youths which always results into juvenile delinquency and increased crimes rate. These factors are recipe for making environment unfit for business and they require political solutions to quell. In political science, the analyst always endeavors to give hypothesis of the situation as they possibly would be and on the other side do give the repercussions tied to them occurring as stated. They also propose on how to mitigate on the effects of the occurrences. The risks in this case would involve several factors including; the change of the government, when the government of a country changes, there are chances that most policies governing the country will also change depending on the policies contained in their manifesto. The policies that might change include the taxation policies with regard to domestic and foreign products. The changes in the taxation policy can turn to be punitive and extorting and this can lead to realization of losses by the companies, organization and other business partners that

Berlin Urban Form and Politcal Ideology Essay Example for Free

Berlin Urban Form and Politcal Ideology Essay Discuss the relationship between political ideologies and urban form in 20th century Berlin Berlin has developed over 800 years and has undergone major changes. It is the place where German unification, after 40 years of separation, becomes apparent and this provides us with an excellent location for studying urban processes. The twentieth century saw different political ideologies impose themselves onto the city and I will use certain political ideologies and explain the impact they had on urban form. I will use these examples to show a relationship between political ideologies and urban form and the implications of this. Firstly, the key terms must be defined. When referring to urban form, I use the basic definition by Anderson et al (1996), who define it as the ‘spatial configuration of fixed elements within a metropolitan region.’ They go on further to state that it includes the spatial pattern of land uses and their densities as well as the spatial design of transport and communication infrastructure. More importantly from a political perspective, a change in urban form requires a change in people’s lifestyles and this may not be possible unless there is a shift in attitude from the public (Kuhn, 1992). This is something to bear in mind when looking at 20th century Berlin. Political ideology can be loosely defined as a set of beliefs about the proper order of society and how it can be achieved (Denzau and North, 1994). They further go on to say ideologies are shared models that groups possess and that these models provide an interpretation of the environment and how it should be structured. I am now going to discuss the relationship between political ideologies and urban form in the 20th century Berlin. The relationship can be approached by looking at Berlin at different stages throughout the 20th century. I will look at urban form before the Second World War, during the period where Berlin was divided and finally after unification. At each stage, a certain political ideology had influence on urban form. It is important to note that when the allied forces took control of Berlin, the city had undergone amalgamation on a gargantuan scale. In 1920, 59 villages and 27 estates were joined to form a city of 3.9 million citizens, making it the third largest city in the world after London and New York (Elger, 1992). This is important because the city would have had less time to develop its urban form to the same stage as London and New York, which developed over many years. Their urban form reflected that of the concentric zone model. The Nazi regime  tried to impose their nationalist ideology onto the urban form of Berlin. They built the Ministry of the Air Force, which eventually became the Treuhand holding company, who restructured the former GDR industries after reunification (Blockmans, 2003). In 1942, Albert Speer designed plans for the Nazi regime which intended on creating a new urban centre. Tempelhof airport was designed as a result. There were also railway stations planned for north and south Berlin as was Siegesallee, or the Lane of Victory. Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi party, had an obsession with building big monuments and when queried as to why he always wanted to build the biggest, he would say that it was to restore self-respect to each individual German (Hall, 1996). A north-south avenue was planned and this was designed to show the political, military and economic power of Germany. Plans were made to build seventeen highways and big towns to the north and the south and these towns would do away with the Nazi favouritism towards single family homes and a shift towards closed apartment blocks that surrounded big yards (Larsson, 1978). In terms of the basic principles, Hall says that Speer’s plan showed that incompatible land uses were segregated, through traffic was excluded from residential areas, light and air and space was in abundance. It is important to state that much of this vision was not built and only one ceremonial space was built on the east-west axis (Helmer, 1980). Whilst much of Speer’s plans were not fully implemented, it does not stop us from seeing the relationship between political ideology and urban form in 20th century Berlin. We can see from what Hitler said to Speer, that the priority was trying to impose the ideology first. The preference for huge monuments is clear to see and this implies a state that is all powerful. In my opinion, building these monuments was Hitler’s primary focus in terms of implementing his ideology and the people’s needs were of a lower priority. The focus on monuments is apparent throughout the plans especially when looking at housing. Hall said the plans showed housing that resembled apartment blocks with big courtyards. Courtyards in apartment blocks are designed for the people living there to gather and socialise. Similarly, people gather at huge monuments because they mean something to the people. So we can see that if the vision had been implemented then the ideology behind the design would not only have occurred in public space but also in a subtle way, entered people’s private space. Where Hall describes the Nazi  aim of creating the ultimate ‘City beautiful’, Koshar (1991) prefers to describe Nazi Berlin as ‘city as Stage’. Nazism was in favour of heritage preservation and introduced legislation in 1936 aimed at creating stricter guidelines for new buildings and adapting old buildings for more up to date uses. The aim for the Nazis was for the city and urban region to retain their function as spatial settings for commodity production but without liberal capitalist, Jewish and Marxist influences. National Socialism tried to disengage the city from ‘historical contingencies’, giving rise to the metaphor for the city as a stage where actors wer e the masses and Hitler was the star (Koshar, 1991). The relationship shown in the case of Nazism is one where the political ideology is dominant in everyday life. From Hall and Koshar’s ideas one can see that Hitler wanted complete power and that people should be aware of this power through certain changes in urban form such as heritage preservation. Exclusion of modern buildings would eliminate the idea of capitalism from people’s minds. Under Nazism, there seems to be a preference for segregated areas in Berlin, in terms of function. This idea of Nazi dominance, power and control would suggest knowing that an area only had one function would make it easier for authorities to control. In one sense it can be misleading explaining about Hitler’s influence on urban form in Berlin seeing as many of his ideas did not come to fruition however the nature of some of his plans tells us that political ideology had a great influence on his thinking about urban form. I will now look at the relationship between political ideology and urban form after the second world war, specifically just before and during the Cold War period. In the case of the GDR, the authorities wished to show their ideology and demolished the city palace of the Prussian kings in 1953 and erected the Palace of the Republic, which was open to the public. The reminders from the past were destroyed and new projects were designed such as Karl-Marx-Allee. Here we are seeing the construction and demolition of remnants as a way of the political ideology to express their ideas on the land usage aspect of urban form. Top- down processes lead to this acquisition of political attitudes in the GDR as well as the case of nationalism with the Nazi party (Lost et al. 2009). It is important to note that transport also constitutes urban form and transport policy can affect urban form. The literature has so far primarily focused on the land use policy and not enough attention has  been alloc ated to transport. Urban design in East Berlin was contradictory to what one might expect. There was a shift towards traditional design as seen in Gendarmenmarkt with its baroque style buildings. This has prompted Urban (2009) to question the GDR regime and its sudden change in thought from a modernist approach to urban design, which was seen at the time to be the only appropriate expression of a socialist system, to a focus on historical buildings. Urban does not explicitly mention the reasoning behind the change so it is important to bear in mind that other factors could have affected the change in urban design. Of course, this does not stop us from making assumptions based on facts. The launch of an ambitious housing program in the 1970s resulted in many old buildings being renovated and the majority of these were built on the periphery of East Berlin. The socialist policy in the 1970s was to go ahead with the abandonment of German reunification and this allowed socialist leaders to use certain pre-socialist traditions as their own. In essence, this means that socialism was increasingly evident in the urban form and signs of German history could be removed. Monuments returned to their original position such as the one of Prussian King Friedrich II on the boulevard of Unter den Linden. New socialist principles are partly behind such moves and this was said to guarantee ‘joy of life, aesthetic pleasure, social activity, and high performance’ (Urban, 2009). Unter der Linden is an interesting case to look at because it has been described as the most interesting and important boulevards in the history of twentieth century design (Stangl, 2006). Its importance means that it is a valid location to research when discussing the relationship between political ideologies and urban form. After the Second World War Unter der Linden became a battleground for the competing socialist and capitalist ideologies. Communists and leading German elites had a considerable effect on the urban form in many different ways. As mentioned by Urban (2009), Stangl says that historical buildings were preserved and this was intended to show the strength of the new system. Socialist- Marxist ideology was essential to this. The East German state wanted urban form to be incorporated into the building of the state. Why might they emphasise urban form as a key expression of their ideology? You could say that the urban landscape shows change and certain urban landscape expressions such as monuments and old buildings carry significant social meaning. As mentioned  before, the monument of the King Friedrich II was moved to Unter den Linden. The ideology has influence over urban form as the monument has been moved and has been reinterpreted to legitimise state thinking so from this we can deduce that ideology plays an important role in the interpretation of the urban landscape. It is important to note that Stangl’s use of Unter den Linden as a case study is particularly interesting mainly because, contrary to the views in West Berlin at the time, socialist planning was not a unified vision from Marxist ideology but rather it was a series of compromises between different strands of socialism and communism. A criticism of Stangl is that he does not mention whether this compromise is seen in other parts of East Berlin. Whilst using one of the most important boulevards in the twentieth century makes his assumptions more valid, it would have been useful to know a brief picture of whether this was the case in the whole of the city, after all the discussion that is taking place is of Berlin and not just a small fragment of it. So far I have looked at political ideologies before and after the war when Berlin is divided. After the war, there is an emphasis on preservation of historical buildings in certain parts of Berlin and the urban form is such that it deliberately reflects the ideology that is dominant. With Unter den Linden being a relatively central, the strategic location of buildings and monuments is important hence the King Friedrich II monument was relocated. The political thinking at that time prioritised Marx-Engels Square as a place for parades and what you would see from there is the historical buildings of Unter den Linden (Stangl, 2009). People would watch the parades and associate the buildings with the ideology of socialist realism. The influence of political ideology over urban form can be noticed in this instance. One can see that socialist ideology is very clever in that it does not change the urban form a huge amount however by preserving what was in the past, it can change the historical meaning and apply its own interpretation. Simply put the designers original intentions are thrown away and replaced. Finally I briefly look at Berlin after reunification in the late part of the twentieth century. After the fall of the Berlin wall and moves to unite Germany in 1990 there was a considerable shift in political ideology. Now it was a capitalist dominated approach and this had effect on the urban form. Kujath (2005) talks about how the unification meant that two separate states were  founded, Berlin and Brandenburg. It restructured to make economic clusters for the core region. There was spatial redeployment of manufacturing plants from the core to the suburbs; many new shopping malls were built in the suburbs as were warehouses for logistics providers. You can see the core of the city is providing knowledge services and suburbs providing other useful services. Conclusion I have looked at three different political ideologies, Nazism before the war, socialism in the GDR and briefly touched unification and capitalism. Each had a different approach to urban form. Nazism and Socialism had similarities in that both resorted to keeping historical buildings however much of Hitler’s stuff could not be built. From all three we know that political ideology is effective when expressed upon the urban form hence it has its greatest influence however for some like Nazism this can be misleading at it was very influential in terms of their control over people but hardly any of their plans were built. REFERENCE LIST Anderson, W.P., and Kanaroglou, P.S., and Miller, E.J., (1996) Urban Form, Energy and the Environment: A Review of Issues, Evidence and Policy Urban Stud 1996 33: 7 Kuhn, D. (1992), Science as argument : Implications for teaching and learning scientific thinking, Science Education, 77, 3, p.319-325 Denzau, A.T., and North, D.C., (1994), Shared Mental Models: Ideologies and Institutions, Kyklos, 47, 1, p.3-5 Ellger, C., (1992), Berlin: Legacies of division and problems of unification, The Geographic Journal, 158, 1, p. 40-45 Blockmans, W.P., (2003), Reshaping Cities: The Staging of Political Transformation, Journal of Urban History, 30, 1, p7-12 Hall, P., (1996), Cities of Tomorrow, p.86-90, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, Massachussets, USA Larsson, L.O., (1978), Die Neustalgung der Reichshauptstadt: Albert Speers General bebauungsplan, Stockholm, Almqvist and Wiksell Helmer, S.D., (1980), Hitler’s Berlin: Plans for reshaping the Central City developed by Albert Speer, Ann Arbor, University Microfilms Koshar, R.J., (1991), Altar, Stage and City: Historic Preservation and Urban Meaning in Nazi Germany, History and Memory, 3, 1, p. 30-34 Lost, J.T, and Federico, C.M., and Napier J.L., ( 2009), Political Ideology : Its structure, functions and Elective Affinities, Annual Review of Psychology, 60, p. 307-18 Urban, F., (2009), Neo-historical East Berlin: Architecture and urban design in the German Democratic Republic 1970-1990, MPG Books, Great Britain Stangl, P. (2006), Restorting Berlin’s Unter der Linden: ideology, world view, place and space, Journal of Historical Geography, 32, 2, p.352-370 Kujath, H.J., (2005), Restructuring the Metropolitan region of Berlin- Brandenburg: Economic trends and political answers, URL accessed: http://globus.igipz.pan.pl/wydaw/GP_78_1.pdf#page=62

Psychological Novel in English Literature | Essay

Psychological Novel in English Literature | Essay A psychological novel, also called psychological realism, is a work of prose fiction which places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization, and on the motives, circumstances, and internal action which springs from, and develops, external action. The psychological novel is not content to state what happens but goes on to explain the motivation of this action. In this type of writing character and characterization are more than usually important, and they often delve deeper into the mind of a character than novels of other genres. The psychological novel can be called a novel of the inner man, so to say. In some cases, the stream of consciousness technique, as well as interior monologues, may be employed to better illustrate the inner workings of the human mind at work. Flashbacks may also be featured. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_novel) The period (1900-1950) witnessed a great change in the novel and a variety of many and different kinds of novels emerged within this period. Before the rise of the psychological novel, there used to be the traditional novel in which the writer told his stories for their own sake, keeping himself and his ideas out of them, and drawing his characters mainly from the outside, clearly seen figures in a clearly observed world. (133) However, writers like Richardson and Fielding involved their own philosophy of life to their novels. Dickens started using the novel as a tool for the reform of social evils in his society. Psychoanalysis began to appear with the late Victorian writers. With the late Victorian period, psychological analysis began to appear in novels like that of Henry James. James focused on the motives and psychology of his characters rather than their actions. This depended on the readers part in the novel; the reader not reads the novel, but also analyses the characters. (132, 133) Both the French and Russian Novels influenced the English novel to a great extent. There was and an attack on the traditional English novel. By the nineties, George Moore and Someres Maugham were greatly influenced by the French novel. As Collins puts it, French influence meant in part an aggressively frank realism but more importantly it meant greater attention to structure and expression. (137) The Russian novel, however, had a much more and deeper impact on the traditional English novel after the publication of the translations of great writers such Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. The Russian novel stressed the importance of the inner self and the subconscious. As Collins mentions in his book,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the work of the Russian masters it was possible to realize   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How much more deeply one could penetrate into the human soul   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  than English novelists had so far attempted. Many felt that in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  comparison with such work the English novel appeared   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  provincial and soulless, half-blinded to the psychological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  wonders of human personality. The influence of the Russian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  novel came to a head in time to join the forces with the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  psychology of the subconscious mindThe time was ripe for an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  attempt to revolutionise the English novel. (137) The stream of consciousness is one of the distinguishing features of a Psychological Novel. It is an important aspect of a Psychological Novel. The term stream of consciousness was coined by the American philosopher and psychologist, William James. It was used for the first time in the review that the novelist/philosopher, May Sinclair, in 1915, about the first volume of Samuel Richardsons Pilgrimage. The stream of consciousness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  refer[s] to a method of presenting, as if directly and without   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  meditation, the flowing or jagged sequence of thoughts,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  perceptions, preconscious associations, memories, half-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  realized impressions, and so on, of one or more characters-the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  attempt, in fiction, to imitate the complete mental life as it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  manifests itself in the ongoing present. (233) The stream of consciousness technique has been widely used by many famous 20th century English and American novelists. It is used by James Joyce in his novel Ulysses. It is employed in nearly all of Virginia Woolfs novels, namely; To the lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves, Jacobs Room and Between the Acts. It is also used in William Faulkners The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying and Absalom! Absalom!. Moreover, Samuel Becketts trilogy: Molloy, Malone Dies, The Unnamable as well as D.H. Lawrences Sons and Lovers and Women in Love are good examples of such a technique. However, the origin of the stream of consciousness technique is believed to go back to the eighteenth-century fiction. William Faulkners The Sound and the Fury (1929), which is the main subject of this paper, is rich in the stream of consciousness technique, particularly the first three sections. In the first section, Benjys section, Faulkner uses the stream of consciousness to reflect the flow of thoughts inside Benjys mind. There is no chronological order in anything Benjy mentions. Rather, there are rapid time shifts for he relates a certain event and then goes on to speak about an entirely different event. Then he moves back to complete the first event or he might not. (revise the novel and provide example using quotation). Another aspect that is related to the stream of consciousness technique and is obvious in this section is the association of images or the preconscious associations as Kawin so describes it. For example, the sound of the word caddie reminds Benjy of his sister Caddy. This shows that the reader is not only reading the novel and following its events, but the reader is also making deductions. Benjy is not saying that caddie reminds him of his sister Caddy, but it is the reader who deduces this idea. This is the role of the reader and this is what makes a psychological novel unique and different; the reader has a role in the novel. The characters do not say that they are using the stream of consciousness technique, but it is the reader who finds out this. In this respect, Kawin points out that   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benjy is not aware that X reminds him of Y and that he has   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  an attitude toward the difference between X and Y (he does not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  say to himself that he misses Caddy, for instance). But the reader   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  deduces the meaning of the juxtaposition of X and Y, which is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his thought, and his occasional bellowing can be taken as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  further evidence (that he misses the Caddy he thought of when   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  he heard caddie, though he cannot say this). (253) Although the style of Benjys section is very simple and so is the vocabulary, this section is considered the most difficult in the whole novel. This is due to the fact that Benjy is an idiot with the mind of an infant. In addition, the present and the past are one thing for Benjy; he has no sense of time. Faulkner again employs the stream of consciousness technique in the second section of this novel, which is Quentins section. Quentins section is easier to read than Benjys. One can follow with what he is saying whether italics are used or not to indicate his moving to relate a memory from the past. Unlike Benjy, Quentin completes every event that he relates to the very end. However, and like Benjys section, Quentins section is characterized by an extreme flow of thoughts when remembering certain memories during his last day before committing suicide. Quentin, for example, describes his confrontation with Herbert, Caddys suitor, telling him to leave town and never try to see Caddy again:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I came to tell you to leave town   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  he broke a piece of bark deliberately dropped it carefully   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  into the water watched it float away   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I said you must leave town   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  he looked at me   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  did she send you to me   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I say you must go not my father not anybody I say it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  listen save this for a while I want to know if shes all right   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  have they been bothering her up there   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  thats something you dont need to trouble yourself about   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  then I heard myself saying Ill give you until sundown to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  leave town (159) This is a typical example of the stream of consciousness technique, where there is no punctuation, no capitalization, and no full stops. This helps Quentin to reflect his thoughts without any kind of interruption. In addition, Quentin uses a past stream of consciousness in relating certain episodes in his life. This is due to the fact that the day in which he is speaking is the last day before his death. Quentin will commit suicide shortly after the last page of this section. This day is the only present for Quentin; everything else is past for him. Quentins section is clearly different from Benjys and in explaining this difference, Chase claims in The American Novel and its Tradition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Quentin section of The Sound and the Fury [the reader]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  find[s] some of the same evocativeness of the Benjy section.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eventsassume new dimensions, because now they are called   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  forth in a fairly complicated and sophisticated mind. Quentins   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind like Benjys, in this respect, is obsessive and returns again   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and again to a few images and ideas; and this gives a necessary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  consistency to what might otherwise be an inchoate flow of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  reminiscence and perception. (228) The stream of consciousness technique is not used in the third section, Jasons section, as much as it is used in Benjys and Quentins. Jason is not really obsessed with the past as Benjy and Quentin are. He is rather obsessed with his present financial situation; he only thinks of money and how to gain larger amounts of money. He is even ready to steal others if this is the only way for him and this is what he does with his niece, Quentin. He takes most of the money sent by her mother, Caddy, and leaves her very few pennies. Dilsey better describes Jason when she tells him, Yous a cold man, Jason, if man you is (207). An example of the stream of consciousness technique in this section is when Jason remembers a series of past events such as having an idiot brother and a second brother who is a Harvard student who committed suicide. He also remembers his sister who committed promiscuity and since then it was ordered that her name should not be mentioned anymore in the house:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like a man would naturally think, one of them is crazy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And another one drowned himself and the other one was   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  turned out into the street by her husband, whats the rea-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  son the rest of them are not crazy too. All the time I could   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  see them watching me like a hawk, waiting for a chance to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  say Well Im not surprised I expected it all the time the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whole familys crazy. Selling land to send him to Harvard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (233) As for the fourth and last section, Dilseys section, it focuses on Dilsey, the negro servant in the Compson house and mentioning any missing details in the previous three sections. Although this section is devoted to Dilsey, after whom this section is named, it is narrated in the third person point of view unlike the other three sections of the three brothers. The stream of consciousness technique is not employed in this section. On the other hand,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [t]he final section offers us the first straightforward narrative.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here Faulkner adjusts his style to fit the character of Dilsey. We   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  have a quiet, dignified style; the reader is presented the events of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the fourth section without any comment or without any   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  complicated sentence structure. And in the light of the other   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  three sections narrated by a Compson, this final section has   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  a strong sense of control and order. Faulkner uses the stream of consciousness technique in the first three sections and this narrative technique indeed distinguishes these sections. However, when Faulkner dispenses with it in the last section, he is still able to give Dilseys section an air of uniqueness. Of all the characters in The Sound and the Fury, Dilsey appeals much to the readers. This is something intended by Faulkner in his novel. Dilsey accepts things as they really are; she lives in the real world. As a result, when all the other characters are at loss, Dilsey is morally active. Another important feature of a Psychological Novel that is employed by William Faulkner in The Sound and the Fury, particularly the first three sections is the interior monologue. The interior monologue is [a] technique of recording the continuum of impressions, thoughts and impulses either prompted by conscious experience or arising from the well of the subconscious. The interior monologue is the inner voice of the character. It does not only reveal the psychology of each character, but also how each character differs in their reaction toward certain people or events. The interior monologue shows that not all the characters think the same way. William Faulkner has used the interior monologue narrative technique with Benjy, Quentin and Jason to uncover the attitude and feelings of each towards their sister, Caddy. In the first section, Caddy is portrayed as the caring and loving sister. She is a source of joy and comfort for Benjy. She is always looking after him and that is why he loves her more than any of his two brothers. When reading the first section, one can realize that nearly all of Benjys memories are associated with Caddy. She is the one whose picture is still present intensively in his mind because she has played the greater role in his life. In the second section, Quentins inner voice makes the reader find out that he truly loves his sister, Caddy. Even when he knows about her promiscuity, he tries to help her and stand by her side rather than pose difficulties upon her; he confesses to his father that he has committed incest with his sister in order to make it appear that it is his own fault. In the third section, the interior monologue reveals how much Jason hates his sister, Caddy. He greatly supports the idea that her name should not be mentioned anymore in the house in order to forget the shame she has brought the family. However, he takes from the money she sends her daughter and he leaves his niece very few amounts of what her mother sends her. Thus the sound and the fury is a good example of a psychological novel in exemplifying through the stream of consciousness technique.

Washington History :: essays research papers

Assignment #1 Question #1 A) How is a region defined?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A region can be defined by its’ geography, industry, or culture. For example the Bible belt is a cultural region; Silicon Valley is an industrial region, and the Plains States form a region defined by the geography and agriculture both. B) What Unifying forces define the Northwest?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The region of the Pacific Northwest is defined as a Hinterland replete with a wide array of natural resources. The treasures found in the natural beauty of the Northwest’s pristine waterways, ample valleys, and lush mountain forests define the region. No other region in the United States can compare with the beauty and majesty of the Pacific Northwest. It stands alone as having one of the most varied and rich landscapes in the country. Thus allowing an independent, confined, and truly original culture to emerge. Question #2  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the size and distribution of the population of the Northwest?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Pacific Northwest region is lightly populated with the majority of the residents located in a few key areas. The main population centers of thirty thousand or more pertaining to Washington are the Puget Sound area, and Spokane. In Oregon it is the Willamette Valley from Portland to Eugene and Medford where the population centers are located. Idaho, while being much more rural then Washington and Oregon, does have clusters of more highly populated areas in select geographic areas, such as Boise and Pocatello. All of Idaho’s major urban areas are located on or around the Snake River. Taking the time to really study the location of cites in relation to surrounding geographic areas one gets a good look into the minds of the first settlers and even the native inhabitants. Larger urban centers are usually located on or near waterways; all were and still are very reliable sources of food, water, and trade. One example of this statement is shown in today's Vanc ouver, Washington, which was first settled on the Columbia River. Question #3  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discuss the natural setting of the Northwest   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Pacific Northwest is rich in culture and beauty. What gives this land its beauty, so much so that the region is know the world over? Maybe it is the giant snake of concrete known as Interstate-5? Could it be the snow crowned Peaks of the cascades? Or is it the glistening monoliths of glass that tear at the cloud filled sky above the Emerald City of Seattle? The Sun bathed beaches of the San Juan Islands?

Entry Barriers in Liquor Industry

ENTRY BARRIERS IN LIQUOR INDUSTRY When a new firm enters into an industry it can affect all of the firms that are currently in that industry. â€Å"new entrants to an industry bring new capacity, the desire to gain market share, and often substantial resources. Prices can be bid down or incumbents cost inflated as a result, reducing profitability. †24Therefore as new firms enter into an industry the entire industry’s potential for sustained profits is reduced due to the increased amount of competition in that industry. Some factors help reduce the threat of entry as they act as barriers that prevent new firms from entering into an industry. These factors include economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, access to distribution channels, and government regulations. When these factors reduce the threat of entry, the profit potential for the industry increases. Economies of Scale. Economies of scale is defined as the â€Å"declines in unit costs of a product as the absolute volume per period increase† Therefore the greater quantity of a product that is produced the lower the cost of each will be to the producer. This creates an advantage for a high volume producer like those seen in the brewing industry. Economies of scale in the brewing industry also exist in areas other than in production and these include purchasing, distribution, and advertising. For example, national brewers achieve economies of scale in advertising through bulk media purchases and umbrella brand marketing. Local-craft brewers spend more than twice that spent by large brewers on marketing and advertising per barrel. 25 One company in particular, which is Anheuser-Busch, has done an extremely good job in exploiting the economies of scale that are present in the brewing industry. Anheuser-Busch has been able to leverage its 45 percent U. S. market share into 75 percent of the industry’s operating profits through significant economies of scale in the areas of raw material procurement, manufacturing efficiency and marketing. †26 As shown here there are substantial economies of scale available in the national beer brewing industry. This is a good factor for firms that are currently in the industry as the y can take advantage of these unit cost breaks and while doing so also discourage the entry of new firms into the industry. Product Differentiation. in general, people cannot tell the difference between brands of beer. Second, more expensive brands do not cost proportionately more to make than â€Å"economy† beer. Capital Requirements. The capital requirements necessary to compete on the national level against the established firms are extremely high. These high costs of operation and construction expenses act as a barrier to entry for firms that are considering trying to compete in this industry on the highest level. Access to Distribution Channels. When a new firm is trying to enter into an industry it can find that existing competitors may have ties with [distribution] channels based on long relationships. Government Regulation. The government's excise policy is subject to a lot of sudden changes. The manufacturers sometimes just need to get their L-1 licenses renewed and at times they need to apply afresh, like in the year 2001. In 1993, the L-1 license holders were allowed to set up 5 ‘dedicated' shops in Delhi in which they could sell their approved brands in addition to having them sold in the government retail shops. The policy was withdrawn in an ad-hoc manner in 1994. On being questioned about the effects of this policy, an official in one of the country's leading breweries said that the introduction of this policy had led to an increase in their revenue by almost 30% which they have lost out on since the policy got crushed. Recently, the government's policy to open up 45 private liquor shops was quashed by the cabinet, because it meant that the MLA's power in the issue of a no-objection certificate for the setting up of a retail outlet would be questioned. Had this policy been implemented, the government would have earned Rs. 7. 5 lakhs on each vend as license fees annually.